Effects of combined treatment of cadmium and oxytetracycline on the terrestrial isopod Porcellio leavis / Efeitos do tratamento combinado de cádmio e oxitetraciclina no isópode terrestre Porcellio laevis

The influence of pharmaceutical residues and heavy metals on living organisms has received global attention. The present study assessed the interactive effect of antibiotic residues and heavy metals in soil, as contaminated food with cadmium (Cd) and oxytetracycline (OTC) on the isopod Porcellio leavis. It was fed on fresh plant leaves contaminated with different concentrations of cadmium, Cd+OTC1000 ppm, Cd+OTC2000 ppm and Cd+OTC3000 ppm for 4 weeks. The changes in the feeding patterns, protein, lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase activity (CAT), and total free amino acids (TFAA) were recorded. There were significant differences in the obtained results where Cd reduced the egestion ratio (ER) however, OTC enhanced this ratio. Biochemical analysis illustrated that combination between OTC and Cd inhibits the toxic effects of Cd at low concentration (1000 ppm), while at high concentration (3000 ppm) raise the toxicity. Detailed studies are required for further understanding of the interaction between OTC and heavy metals, and also its impact on soil animals and for improving soil risk evaluation.

A influência de resíduos farmacêuticos e metais pesados em organismos vivos tem recebido atenção global. O presente estudo avaliou o efeito de resíduos de antibióticos e metais pesados no solo, como alimentos contaminados com cádmio (Cd) e oxitetraciclina (OTC), sobre o isópode Porcellio laevis, o qual foi alimentado com folhas frescas de plantas contaminadas com diferentes concentrações de cádmio, Cd + OTC1000 ppm, Cd + OTC2000 ppm e Cd + OTC3000 ppm, por quatro semanas. As mudanças nos padrões de alimentação, proteína, peroxidação lipídica (LPO), atividade da catalase (CAT) e aminoácidos livres totais (TFAA) foram registradas. Houve diferenças significativas nos resultados obtidos, em que o Cd reduziu a taxa de excreção (ER), no entanto o OTC aumentou essa proporção. A análise bioquímica mostrou que a combinação entre OTC e Cd inibe os efeitos tóxicos do Cd em baixa concentração (1.000 ppm), enquanto, em alta concentração (3.000 ppm), aumenta a toxicidade. Estudos detalhados são necessários para uma maior compreensão da interação entre OTC e metais pesados, e seu impacto sobre os animais do solo, bem como para melhorar a avaliação de risco do solo.

Effects of combined treatment of cadmium and oxytetracycline on the terrestrial isopod Porcellio leavis / Efeitos do tratamento combinado de cádmio e oxitetraciclina no isópode terrestre Porcellio laevis

The influence of pharmaceutical residues and heavy metals on living organisms has received global attention. The present study assessed the interactive effect of antibiotic residues and heavy metals in soil, as contaminated food with cadmium (Cd) and oxytetracycline (OTC) on the isopod Porcellio leavis. It was fed on fresh plant leaves contaminated with different concentrations of cadmium, Cd+OTC1000 ppm, Cd+OTC2000 ppm and Cd+OTC3000 ppm for 4 weeks. The changes in the feeding patterns, protein, lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase activity (CAT), and total free amino acids (TFAA) were recorded. There were significant differences in the obtained results where Cd reduced the egestion ratio (ER) however, OTC enhanced this ratio. Biochemical analysis illustrated that combination between OTC and Cd inhibits the toxic effects of Cd at low concentration (1000 ppm), while at high concentration (3000 ppm) raise the toxicity. Detailed studies are required for further understanding of the interaction between OTC and heavy metals, and also its impact on soil animals and for improving soil risk evaluation.

A influência de resíduos farmacêuticos e metais pesados em organismos vivos tem recebido atenção global. O presente estudo avaliou o efeito de resíduos de antibióticos e metais pesados no solo, como alimentos contaminados com cádmio (Cd) e oxitetraciclina (OTC), sobre o isópode Porcellio laevis, o qual foi alimentado com folhas frescas de plantas contaminadas com diferentes concentrações de cádmio, Cd + OTC1000 ppm, Cd + OTC2000 ppm e Cd + OTC3000 ppm, por quatro semanas. As mudanças nos padrões de alimentação, proteína, peroxidação lipídica (LPO), atividade da catalase (CAT) e aminoácidos livres totais (TFAA) foram registradas. Houve diferenças significativas nos resultados obtidos, em que o Cd reduziu a taxa de excreção (ER), no entanto o OTC aumentou essa proporção. A análise bioquímica mostrou que a combinação entre OTC e Cd inibe os efeitos tóxicos do Cd em baixa concentração (1.000 ppm), enquanto, em alta concentração (3.000 ppm), aumenta a toxicidade. Estudos detalhados são necessários para uma maior compreensão da interação entre OTC e metais pesados, e seu impacto sobre os animais do solo, bem como para melhorar a avaliação de risco do solo.

Effects of combined treatment of cadmium and oxytetracycline on the terrestrial isopod Porcellio leavis

Abstract The influence of pharmaceutical residues and heavy metals on living organisms has received global attention. The present study assessed the interactive effect of antibiotic residues and heavy metals in soil, as contaminated food with cadmium (Cd) and oxytetracycline (OTC) on the isopod Porcellio leavis. It was fed on fresh plant leaves contaminated with different concentrations of cadmium, Cd+OTC1000 ppm, Cd+OTC2000 ppm and Cd+OTC3000 ppm for 4 weeks. The changes in the feeding patterns, protein, lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase activity (CAT), and total free amino acids (TFAA) were recorded. There were significant differences in the obtained results where Cd reduced the egestion ratio (ER) however, OTC enhanced this ratio. Biochemical analysis illustrated that combination between OTC and Cd inhibits the toxic effects of Cd at low concentration (1000 ppm), while at high concentration (3000 ppm) raise the toxicity. Detailed studies are required for further understanding of the interaction between OTC and heavy metals, and also its impact on soil animals and for improving soil risk evaluation.

Resumo A influência de resíduos farmacêuticos e metais pesados em organismos vivos tem recebido atenção global. O presente estudo avaliou o efeito de resíduos de antibióticos e metais pesados no solo, como alimentos contaminados com cádmio (Cd) e oxitetraciclina (OTC), sobre o isópode Porcellio laevis, o qual foi alimentado com folhas frescas de plantas contaminadas com diferentes concentrações de cádmio, Cd + OTC1000 ppm, Cd + OTC2000 ppm e Cd + OTC3000 ppm, por quatro semanas. As mudanças nos padrões de alimentação, proteína, peroxidação lipídica (LPO), atividade da catalase (CAT) e aminoácidos livres totais (TFAA) foram registradas. Houve diferenças significativas nos resultados obtidos, em que o Cd reduziu a taxa de excreção (ER), no entanto o OTC aumentou essa proporção. A análise bioquímica mostrou que a combinação entre OTC e Cd inibe os efeitos tóxicos do Cd em baixa concentração (1.000 ppm), enquanto, em alta concentração (3.000 ppm), aumenta a toxicidade. Estudos detalhados são necessários para uma maior compreensão da interação entre OTC e metais pesados, e seu impacto sobre os animais do solo, bem como para melhorar a avaliação de risco do solo.

Utilization of internet by health colleges students at the University of Dammam

This study aimed to explore students' attitudes towards using the Internet and various search engines, social media websites, usage purposes, and the barriers faced by students while using Internet in five health colleges at the University of Dammam, Saudi Arabia. An online survey was administered to all 2nd year students in the five health colleges. The questionnaire included details about demographics, 13 questions with five Likert-scale responses, and some open-ended questions. Of the 231 students, 138 responded [response rate; 59.7%]. The health colleges' students perceived that using the Internet was very crucial for their academic success. Google and Facebook were the most visited sites by the participants. The students' responses were not significantly different across the five health colleges at the University of Dammam. Health colleges' students at the University of Dammam showed a positive attitude towards using the Internet for academic purposes. There is a need to provide wireless facilities on campus which will enhance the usage of Internet for educational purposes. Training courses about the appropriate usage of Internet sources are also emphasized

[ effect of diclofenac sodium injection on stomach of male rats]

Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug [NSAID]. It is widely used because of its analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects. The aim of this experimental study is to investigate the effects of intramuscular injection of diclofenac sodium in therapeutic and high doses for different periods on the stomach of rats. Forty young adult male albino rats ranging from 180-220 g body weight were used. They were divided into 5 groups of 8 animals for each. Group A and B were the control groups, they received intramuscular injection of normal saline for 7 and 14 weeks respectively. Group C received intramuscular injection of therapeutic doses of diclofenac sodium [2.2 mg/kg/day] for 7 weeks. Group D received therapeutic doses of diclofenac sodium intramuscularly for 14 weeks, while group E was administered intramuscular injection of high doses of diclofenac sodium [11 mg/kg/day] for 7 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed and the stomachs were obtained from all groups for light microscopic examinations. No changes were observed in stomachs of groups A, B and C, while in group D there were destruction of glandular architecture, damage of surface epithelium and submucosal blood vessels congestion. Group E reveals destruction and shedding of surface epithelium, necrosis in the gastric mucosa with mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltration, in addition to submucosal blood vessels congestion, edema and hemorrhage. Diclofenac sodium is safe and cause no gastric damage when administered intramuscularly as a single daily therapeutic dose in young adult rats for 7 weeks or less, but it causes gastric damage when the period of administration or the dose of the drug increase [i.e gastric damage depends on the period of exposure and the dose of the drug]

Effect of doxorubicin on the histological structure of the liver in male albino rats

This study is concerned with the effect of doxorubicin on the histological structure of the rats livers. for this experiments 24 albino male rats [ranging from 200-220g] body weight and are three months age were taken. For this purpose three groups each consists of 8 male rats were examined. The animals were allowed to acclimatize to laboratory conditions one week prior to the experiments. Group I was left as a control, while group II received intraperitonealy a low dose of 0.2 mg /Kg doxorubicin, group III received the therapeutic dose of doxorubicin of Img /Kg intraperitonealy. Intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin was given in the lower lateral part of the abdomen. The animals were scarified at the end of the experiment and the livers were collected from all groups to be prepared for light microscopic examination. Light microscopic observations revealed that higher doses of doxorubicin caused massive hepatotoxicity including dissolution of the hepatic cords, focal inflammation, apoptosis and necrosis of the hepatic tissues with fibrosis around the portal area. Lower doses exhibited abnormal changes including vacoulation of the hepatocytes with widening of the sinusoidal capillaries in addition to congestion and vasodilatation of the central veins. This study revealed that doxorubicin causes marked changes in rats liver; which occur even in low doses; such results can guide the design of appropriate treatment regimens to reduce the hepatotoxic effects of this anticancer drug such as the concomitant use of antioxidant drugs

Null genetic risk of ACE gene polymorphisms with nephropathy in type 1 diabetes among Egyptian population

Reported to date, strong evidence exists in multiple studies for genetic predisposing in the development of diabetic nephropathy, and no studies addressed this issue among Egyptian population. The results of angiotensin converting enzyme gene [ACE] in the susceptibility to nephropathy in type 1 diabetes with nephropathy are conflicting. We aim to identify the associations of two ACE gene polymorphisms [PstI, A > G substitution and a 287-bp insertion/deletion] with nephropathy in type 1 diabetes in Egyptian children/adolescents. Our case-control study contained 140 diabetic individuals; 80 diabetic with nephropathy as cases, and 60 diabetic subjects without nephropathy as control group. Amplified DNA from peripheral leucocytes/buccal mucosa was genotyped for using polymerase chain reaction and enzymatic assay. We found no significant differences in the distribution of ACE insertion/deletion and PstI genotypes or allele frequencies were observed between the examined groups. Frequencies of PstI-indel haplotypes were similar in all of our study groups. In both cases and control subjects, ACE activity and microalbuminuria were highest among D/D homozygotes and lowest in I/I homozygotes, while a dissimilar result was seen in PstI polymorphism. Our findings in Egyptian population strongly conclude that there is no association between the ACE gene I/D and PstI polymorphisms with nephropathy in type 1 diabetes

MONTI as continent catheterized stoma using serosal-lined trough "Ghoneim Abolenin" technique in ileocystoplasty

It is a great challenge to select and perform continent mechanism in a stoma for urinary reservoir. A new technique by combining MONTI ileal conduit with the serosal lined trough in order to achieve continent catheterizable stoma to the umbilicus as a part of augmentation ileocystoplasty. We applied serosal-lined trough as a continent mechanism with MONTI ileal tube in 12 years smart girl underwent ileocystoplasty for neuropathic bladder due to myelomeningocele in whom continence failed to be achieved by using Mitrofanoff with submucosal tunnel of the bladder as continent mechanism before, also the previous operation included left to right transuretero-ureterostomy, ureterocystoplasty and reimplantation of the right ureter. The patient became completely continent; she was able to do self-catheterization easily through the umbilical stoma using 16-French catheter and was able to wash the mucous easily. The capacity of the augmented bladder was 300ccs. She became independent from her mother and stopped using diapers, anticholinergic and antibiotics. Combining MONTI conduit with serosal-lined extramural valve trough [The Ghoneim technique] is an effective continent technique and gives wider channel for catheterization and washing out the mucous

Predictive Value of Seborrheic Dermatitis for HIV infection in Lagos; Nigeria

Background: Cutanenous lesions with high frequency in HIV/AIDS patients such as Kaposi's sarcoma; herpes zoster and generalised pruritic papular eruption have unequivocally proven valuable in Africa and elsewhere as predictive signs for HIV infection. Reports have associated a high prevalence of seborrheic dermatitis in HIV infected persons. Aim: To evaluate the predictive value of seborrheic dermatitis in the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS infection in Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) skin clinic.Methods: A prospective case-control study was conducted at the skin clinic of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) over a 23-month period (April 2001- February 2003). One hundred and eighteen patients with clinically diagnosed seborrheic dermatitis and one hundred and nine controls were tested for HIV seropositivity. Statistical analysis was performed using EPI info version 6.0. P values 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Eleven patients with seborrheic dermatitis were HIV seropositive with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 9.3. Only one (0.9) of the control group was seropositive. It was also found that patients with seborrheic dermatitis who were seropositive were mainly in the older age group (40-59 years) and had more widespread lesions. Conclusion: Seborrheic dermatitis has significant positive predictive value for HIV/AIDS infection and corroborates existing literature. Routine screening of persons over 40 years of age with seborrheic dermatitis or those with widespread lesions is recommended

Association of the UCP2 -866G/A polymorphism with type 2 diabetes and obesity in Saudi population

Diabetes mellitus is emerging as a major public health problem allover the world particularly Saudi Arabia. Recent studies reported that Uncoupling Protein 2 [UCP2] was associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes [T2D]. This study was conducted to clarify the contribution of polymorphism in UCP2 in obesity and T2D in the Saudi population. The distribution of the-866G/A polymorphism was examined in a case-control study including samples from 110 obese patients, 81 T2D patients, 96 obese-T2D patients and 100 healthy unrelated Saudi subjects. The-866G/A polymorphism were determined by using PCR/RFLP [polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism] techniques. The results of this study showed that the frequency of the GG genotype was significantly higher in both obese and T2D patients [p-value= 0.000 1, p-value= 0.0 14, respectively] compared with healthy control. The G allele was significantly associated with increase risk of obesity [odd ratio, OR: 3.3; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.37-7.98], but not with T2D [OR, 1.97; C1, 0.80-4.87]. In obese-T2D patients group, no significant correlation with-866G/A polymorphism [p= 0.067; OR, 1.21; C1, 0.25-2.80]. This unreeled study suggested that the G allele of UCP2-866G/A polymorphism was related to obesity, which indicated the possible role of this polymorphism in causing metabolic syndrome. This study concluded that the G allele of UCP2-866G/A polymorphism might be related to obesity and T2D which might be used as a predictive marker for obesity and T2D

WPA position statement on the ethics of the use of unmodified electroconvulsive therapy

This position statement is an addendum to the one on the use and safety of electroconvulsive therapy that was prepared by the Section of Biological Psychiatry in 2004 and was eventually approved by the WPA General Assembly in 2005

Effect of cadmium as feed additive on broilers growth performance

A total of 120 one day-old Cobb broiler chicks to were evenly distributed to four equal groups of 30 chicks for each, fed on four experimental rations for six weeks of the experimental period. The first group was fed on a basal diet [control group [G1]], and the other groups were fed 2.5 [G2, 5 [G3] or 7 [G4] mg cadmium /kg diet. The average body weight development G2 and G3 showed highly significant [p<0.01] and significant [p<0.05] improvement respectively. Feed intake was more in treated groups but was progressively reduced with increasing cadmium levels, also feed conversion ratio was increased and significant decrease of edible parts and giblets weight percentages was also observed. The breast muscle weight percent significantly decreased in G4. Feed economical efficiency was decreased as cadmium levels increased. Concentration of cadmium in the examined tissue increased progressively with increased dietary cadmium additive but still within the permissible limits of cadmium in poultry meat and offal. In conclusion the present study showed that cadmium additive at level of 2.5 ppm in broiler diets has improved growth performance and the economic efficiency

Trans-catheter closure of large secondum atrial septal defects in patients with Ebstein's malformation of the tricuspid valve: a report of two cases

Atrial septal defects are common in patients with Ebstein malformation of the tricuspid valve and may contribute to their hemodynamic disturbances. We report our experience of trans-catheter closure of large atrial septal defects in two patients with Ebstein malformation using Amplatzer in one and Helex septal occluder in second patient with no residual shunts. There was no immediate complication, and 18 months follow up revealed clinically stable patients with normal sinus rhythm and no residual shunt. We can say that trans-catheter closure of large atrial septal defects in Ebstein malformation is feasible with a good short-term out come

Quadrilateral analysis of Saudi adults with anterior openbite

The aims of this study were [1] to apply the quadrilateral analysis to Saudi adult male and female patients with normal occlusion, [2] to compare the results to Saudi adult male and female with anterior openbite, and [3] to evaluate the correlation of the quadrilateral variables. The normal occlusion sample consisted of 60 lateral skull radiographs [30 male and 30 female] of Saudi adults with normal occlusion and balanced face selected from the cephalographs of fourth year dental students. The openbite sample consisted of 60 pretreatment lateral skull radiographs [30 male and 30 female] of Saudi adult with anterior openbite selected from the cephalographs of patients referred for the correction of dentofacial deformities. The cephalometric radiographs were traced by hand. The quadrilateral was constructed and measured for analysis. The quadrilateral analysis was applied to Saudi adult males with normal occlusion and the results were compared to Saudi adult males with anterior openbite. The quadrilateral analysis was applied to Saudi adult females with normal occlusion and the results were compared to Saudi adult females with anterior openbite. The quadrilateral analysis of Saudi adult males with anterior openbite was compared to Saudi adult females with anterior openbite. Correlation analysis of the quadrilateral variables and the relation proportional correlation of the quadrilateral analysis for the Saudi adult males with anterior openbite was evaluated. The method error was small and acceptable. The quadrilateral analysis of the craniofacial structures of Saudi adults showed the following. [1] In subjects with normal occlusion the length of the maxillary base and the length of the mandibular base and the average of lower face heights were equal. [2] In openbite subjects compared to normal: [a] the maxillary and the mandibular base lengths were small. [b] The facial heights were large. [c] The sagittal angle was large. [d] The maxillary and mandibular sagittal ratios were large. [e] The posterior extensions of the maxilla and mandible were short. [f] The average lower facial height was large. [g] Vertical sagittal ratio was larger than normal. [3] The correlation analysis showed that the malformation of the craniofacial structure in anterior openbite subjects resides in the maxillo-mandibular complex. The results suggest that in conjunction with the ODI, the sagittal angle, the maxillary and mandibular sagittal ratio can be additional parameters in determining an openbite tendency

Relationship between helicobacter pylori VacA genotypes status and risk of peptic ulcer in Saudi patients

To determine if there is a significant correlation between different Helicobacter pylori [H. pylori] vacA genotypes strains and severe gastric clinical outcomes. A total of 1104 gastric biopsies from 368 patients who presented with symptoms suggestive of chronic gastritis or peptic ulcer were taken from the main hospitals in the western region of Saudi Arabia from July 2004 to July 2005. These samples were cultured for H. pylori, and a polymerase chain reaction [PCR] was carried out to determine vacA genotypes status. One hundred and three [28%] patients were positive for H. pylori using culture technique. The distribution of vacA genotypes was 13 for vacAs1m1, 47 for vacAs1m2 and 43 for vacAs2m2. None of the clinical isolates were vacAs2m1 positive. The study showed a significant correlation between the vacAs1m2 genotype and gastritis cases, and a significant correlation between vacAs1m1 genotype and ulcer cases. The results of this study might be used for the identification of high-risk patients who are infected by vacAs1m1 genotype H. pylori strains

B-clasp: a new retentive component of removable appliance and its clinical application

The objective of this paper was to introduce a new type of retentive clasp [B-Clasp] for the removable appliance that engages the roof of the molar tube in the fixed appliance. It is a bi-helix clasp made from 0.7 mm stainless steel wire and consists of mesial helix, bridge, distal helix, flyover and tag. Its fabrication and clinical applications are presented. Clinically, the B-clasp proved to be practical, effective and retentive in several clinical applications in orthodontics

Detection of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement and Bcl-2-JH translocation [t [14 ; 18]] in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection

The mechanism of lymphomagenesis by HCV is still obscure. The present study was carried out on 64 untreated patients previously diagnosed as having chronic liver disease due to HCV infection, 30 patients with HCV negative chronic liver disease [CLD] and 30 healthy controls. Serum cryoglobulins were tested in all subjects. In addition, the presence of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene [IgH] rearrangement and Bcl-2-JH translocation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMC] were assessed by seminested and nested polymerase chain reaction [PCR], respectively. Percutaneous liver biopsies were performed in 61 of the 64 patients with HCV related CLD and 26 of the 30 patients with HCV negative CLD to determine the severity of chronic liver injury. None of the patients received immunomodulatory drugs or had hepatocellular carcinoma, lymphoma or other malignancies. Cryoglobulinaemic and non-cryoglobulinaemic chronic HCV infected patients had significantly higher rates of monoclonal IgH rearrangement than patients with HCV negative CLD [P=0.006 and 0.047, respectively] and healthy controls [P=0.001 and 0.005, respectively].There were no statistically significant differences between chronic HCV infected patients with and without monoclonal IgH rearrangement with respect to age, sex, mean ALT and AST levels. Furthermore, the frequency of monoclonal IgH rearrangement in PBMC did not differ significantly according to histologic severity of chronic liver injury. On the other hand, cryoglobulinaemic and non-cryoglobulinaemic chronic HCV infected patients had significantly higher rates of Bcl-2-JH translocation than non HCV infected CLD patients [P=0.0002 and 0.001, respectively] and healthy controls [P=0.0002 and 0.001, respectively]. There were no statistically significant differences between chronic HCV infected patients with and without Bcl-2-JH translocation with respect to age, sex, mean ALT and AST levels. Moreover, the frequency of Bcl-2-JH translocation in PBMC did not differ significantly according to histologic severity of liver injury. Interestingly, the frequency of coexisting monoclonal IgH rearrangement and Bcl-2-JH translocation was significantly higher in cryoglobulinaemic than non-cryoglobulinaemic chronic HCV infected patients [P=0.05], HCV negative CLD patients [P=0.009] and healthy controls [P=0.009]. We concluded that patients with chronic HCV infection are more liable to develop monoclonal IgH rearrangement or Bcl-2-JH translocation in PBMC. Moreover, coexisting monoclonal IgH rearrangement and Bcl-2-JH translocation is a frequent finding in cryoglobulinaemic patients with chronic HCV infection suggesting that these aberrations may be involved, at least in part, in the complex multistep mechanisms occurring in HCV infected patients ending in B cell lymphoproliferative diseases [LPD]. Further studies are needed to establish whether determination of these aberrations in PBMC of chronic HCV infected patients could be useful as non invasive molecular markers for the predisposition to acquire cryoglobulinaemia and/or other B cell LPD

Chairside archwire preparation for sliding mechanics

The aim of this paper is to describe a method of chairside archwire preparation for space by the sliding mechanic. One size stainless steel standard shape archwire is needed for the upper and lower dental arches. The archwire preparation require bending two circles distal to lateral incisors, orienting the circles in relation to the archwire, correcting undesirable level and torque discrepancy, and individualizing the archwire to the patient's arch form. The circles will divide the archwire into anterior and posterior segments. The force for sliding mechanics is provided by stretching elastic ring between the molar hooks and the circles. The prepared archwires can be used for the treatment of different types of malocclusions. It proved practical, effective and reliable. This eliminated the need to buy large stocks of archwires with soldered hook and different archform